LIDAR Systems

Other sources of active imaging – LiDAR

Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is a remote sensing technology that uses laser pulses to measure distances to the Earth’s surface. By sending out laser beams, typically in optical and infrared wavelengths, LiDAR devices can precisely determine the position of various objects and features on the ground. The basic principle involves emitting a laser pulse from the LiDAR sensor and measuring the time it takes for the pulse to travel to the target and back to the sensor. This round-trip time is used to calculate the distance between the sensor and the target, allowing for the creation of detailed 3D maps and models.

LiDAR systems consist of several key components:

1. Laser: The laser emits short pulses of light towards the ground. These pulses are often in the near-infrared range, though other wavelengths can be used depending on the application.
2. Scanner and Optics: These components direct the laser pulses across the target area, allowing the system to cover large areas quickly and efficiently.
3. Receiver: The receiver detects the reflected laser pulses that return to the sensor. High-speed detectors and timing electronics measure the time delay between pulse emission and reception with high precision.
4. GPS and IMU: A Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver and an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) are used to determine the exact position and orientation of the LiDAR sensor during data acquisition. This ensures that the location of each measured point on the ground is accurately recorded.

The data collected by LiDAR systems is processed to generate detailed and accurate 3D representations of the surveyed area. This information can be used for various applications, including:

• Topographic Mapping: LiDAR is widely used to create high-resolution topographic maps, providing valuable data for engineering, construction, and environmental studies.
• Forestry Management: By measuring the height and density of vegetation, LiDAR helps in assessing forest structure, biomass, and health.
• Urban Planning: LiDAR data is used to model buildings, infrastructure, and other urban features, aiding in city planning and management.
• Coastal and Floodplain Mapping: LiDAR is used to map coastal zones and floodplains, helping in the assessment and management of flood risks and coastal erosion.

For more information on the techniques behind every LiDAR acquisition, you can access the PDF below and/or take a look at the informative video from NEON Science.